Monday, December 30, 2019

Coca Cola And Its Social Responsibility - 1093 Words

From the late 1800s until today, the Coca-Cola’s brand has evolved into a top contender in the beverage industry, which ignited the â€Å"cola wars† with the company’s top competition PepsiCo. with Coca-Cola controlling 45 percent of the global soft drink market; Coca-Cola’s most famous brands include: Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Powerade, Dasani water and Fanta with Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta being four of the top five leading soft drinks. At the peak of Coca-Cola’s reign, an estimated $1 billion of their products were consumed daily. In 2006, Coca-Cola lost it’s top position to PepsiCo. due to their competitors diverse strategy to include snack foods in their product line. As a result, Coca-Cola’s reputation was in jeopardy. Although Coca-Cola takes pride in its social responsibility by offering educational opportunities and learning tools to the youth and graduates, environmental conservation efforts and charitable donations for HIV/AIDS research, the company has encountered a stream of ethical dilemmas. Coca-Cola’s ethical dilemmas include: contaminated products, antitrust violations, racial discrimination suits, fraud accusations, manipulating marketing and financial statements, anti-union tactic allegations, ‘strong-arming’ distributors and channel surfing. This misconduct has severely affected Coca-Cola’s reputation with its shareholders. Although Coca-Cola has set a strong standard of accountability and is reinforcing the integrity that once fueled the company, theirShow MoreRelatedSocial Responsibility Of Coca Cola Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesCokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.(Andy Warhol, 1975) Regardless of its corporate reputation, the organizational performance and its social responsibility of Coca-Cola makes it loved around the world. Ever since its creation in 1886 Coca-Cola has been a household brand kn own globally for generations of families. I have to mention, of all the cases researched this is my least favorite not only because of my childhood love for the productRead MoreCoca Cola Social Responsibility And Sustainability1742 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola Corporate Social Responsibility and sustainability Berlandie Benoit Professor Altamirano Monroe College: King Graduate School Abstract Large companies like Coca-Cola, have always engaged in corporate social responsibilities. The objective of this paper is to determine whether or not Coca-Cola fulfilled their social responsibilities in India. Coca-Cola had launched their sustainability framework as well as adopting the international Corporate Social Responsibility the Ruggie’s frameworkRead MoreCoca Cola s Struggle With Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Coca-Cola’s struggle with corporate social responsibility Name Institution Corporate social responsibility is a term that is usually associated with a company putting in place structures that aim to give back or benefit the society that enables them to do their operations in their environment. As far back as 1991 CSR has been discussed by academicians extensively one of them Mr. Carroll came up with a multi-layered pyramid approach that sought to explain the four key areas of CSRRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Coca Cola1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthey prefer Coca-Cola or Pepsi 9 out 10 would probably say Coca-Cola. This paper will explore social media presence for The Coca- Cola Company. Why do people drink Coke? Why is Coke so popular? Questions such as these will be answered throughout this strategy recommendation project. This paper will discuss the current effects of social media and how Coca-Cola should use social media to their advantage. Social media is an amazing entity for companies to use for public relations. Social networking sitesRead MoreCoca-Cola Case Study1574 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Coca-Cola May 17, 2013 I. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is the corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide anRead MoreEssay on Corporate Social Responsibility1417 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Business Wire (2011), corporate social responsibility refers to organizations embracing responsibility for their actions and participating in activities that bring positive impacts to the environment, in which they operate, the consumers, employees, communities, general members of the public and all the stake holders. It involves proactively promoting the public stakeholder interests, and eliminating any practices that may harm the public. The decision maker puts into considerationRead MoreComprehensive Health Data Breach Response Plan906 Words   |  4 Pages Comprehensive Health Data Breach Response Plan Student’s Name Professor’s Name Course Title Date Definition Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the ethical behaviour of a company towards society it operates in. It is a commitment to the concern to the society’s sustainability development. â€Å"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation.† (Johnson et alRead MoreEthics And Product Consumption Of Coca Cola1320 Words   |  6 Pageshonesty, 4) fairness, 5) responsibility and 6) respect. All these components separately play a significant part in the marketing code. Understanding how each element pertains individually and collectively to the success of a business can prove crucial to any organization longevity. The 125 years of operation has shown Coca-Cola (n.d) has been sustainable. One can easily observe the 6PM in the company’s vision (Figure 1), mission (Figure 2), and value core (Figure 3). The Coca-Cola Company initiatedRead MoreCoca Cola And Ethical Crises1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Coca-Cola is the world’s largest beverage company specializing in the production in soft drinks. It had also grown over the past 120 years into one of the most reputable companies in the world with an instantly recognizable brand name (Thorne, Ferrell, and Jackson 408-409). However starting in the 1990s, Coke began to experience series of bad decision, mismanagement, and alleged misconduct (Thorne, Ferrell, and Jackson 409). Debbie Thorne, O.C. Ferrell, and Jennifer Jackson’s case studyRead MoreThe Pepsi Of Coca Cola1491 Words   |  6 Pagespop, for most people the brand that comes to mind is Coca-Cola. The bright red logo and classic bottle design are recognized not only throughout the United States, but also around the globe. As a large company that carries much influence, it is imperative that Coca-Cola is aware of the impact that they are having not only on their shareholders, but also all of their stakeholders and the world as a whole. The drink that is now known as Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by a pharmacist in Atlanta. Dr

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Financial Accounting 1 - 4806 Words

Multiple Choice: 1. In general terms, financial assets appear in the balance sheet at: a. Face value b. Current value c. Cost d. Estimated future sales value 2. Which of the following practices contributes to efficient cash management? a. Never borrow money – maintain a cash balance sufficient to make all necessary payments. b. Record all cash receipts and cash payments at the end of the month when reconciling the bank statements. c. Prepare monthly forecasts of planned cash receipts, payments, and anticipated cash balances up to a year in advance. d. Pay each bill as soon as the invoice arrives. 3. Each of the following measures strengthens†¦show more content†¦9. Which of the following actions is least likely to increase a company’s accounts receivable turnover? a. Encouraging customer’s to use bank credit cards, such as VISA and MasterCard, rather than other national credit cards, such as American Express. b. Offer customers larger cash discounts for making early payments. c. Reduce the interest rate charged to credit customers. d. Sell accounts receivable to a factor. 10. On October 1, 2011, Coast Financial loaned Barr Corporation $300,000, receiving in exchange a nine-month, 12 percent note receivable. Coast ends its fiscal year on December 31 and makes adjusting entries to accrue interest earned on all notes receivable. The interest earned on the note receivable from Barr Corporation during 2012 will amount to: a. $9,000 b. $18,000 c. $27,000 d. $36,000 11. Puget Sound Co. sold marketable securities costing $80,000 for $92,000 cash. In the company’s income statement and statement of cash flows, respectively, this will appear as: a. A $12,000 gain and a $92,000 cash receipt. b. A $92,000 gain and an $8,000 cash receipt. c. A $12,000 gain and an $80,000 cash receipt. d. A $92,000 sale and a $92,000 cash receipt. 12. The primary purpose for using an inventory cost flowShow MoreRelatedFinancial Accounting 14890 Words   |  20 PagesFINAL EXAM 1 1. 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Balance sheet: financial statement that summarizes a company s assets, liabilities and shareholders equity atRead MoreFinancial Accounting Libby Chapter 1 Notes4725 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿Lesson 1:   The Accounting Process (Textbook Libby et al. Chapters 1 and 2). Objectives:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you have successfully completed this lesson, you will be able to... Define accounting and explain its purpose Define business and identify the different types of businesses Explain the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Visualize the start of a business, create accounting transactions for it, and prepare simple financial statements   Reading Assignment Please read chaptersRead MoreAdvanced Financial Accounting Chapter 1 Notes Essay2661 Words   |  11 Pages1 Intercorporate Acquisitions and Investments in Other Entities McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright  © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Development of Complex Business Structures †¢ Enterprise expansion as a means of survival and profitability – Size often allows economies of scale – New earning potential – Earnings stability through diversification – Management rewards for bigger company size – Prestige associated with company size 1-2 OrganizationalRead MoreFinancial Accounting IFRS Edition E2 CH.1 Answer7691 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 1 Accounting in Action ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE Brief Exercises A Problems B Problems 5, 6, 7, 11 1A, 2A, 4A 1B, 2B, 4B 3 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 1A, 2A, 4A, 5A 1B, 2B, 4B, 5B 4 8, 9, 12, 13, 2A, 3A, 14, 15, 16, 17 4A, 5A 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B Learning Objectives Questions Do It! Exercises 1. Explain what accounting is. 1, 2, 5 1 1 2. Identify the users and uses of accounting. 3, 4 1 2 3. Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept. 4. 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This is a great example of the line between ethicsRead MoreBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja900 Words   |  4 PagesBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja Sarah Thomas Colleague of Electrical Electronics Engineering Introduction In this report I am going to write some of the important principle and assumption and guidance used to prepare accounting statements. In the world of business there are some general rules and principles which the universe of accounting uses them as a general guidance. There are some international framework like Financial accountingRead MoreRelationship Between Accounting Principles Board And The Financial Accounting Standards Board1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbrief history of the relationship between the Accounting Principles Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Accounting Principles Board. 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Friday, December 13, 2019

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 5 The Adamant Tower Free Essays

string(19) " I know about her\." A lake of molten sulphur extended the length of an immense canyon, releasing its mephitic vapors in sudden gusts and belches and barring the way of the solitary winged figure who stood at its edge. If he took to the sky, the enemy scouts who had spotted him, and lost him, would find him again at once; but if he stayed on the ground, it would take so long to get past this noxious pit that his message might arrive too late. He would have to take the greater risk. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 5 The Adamant Tower or any similar topic only for you Order Now He waited until a cloud of stinking smoke billowed off the yellow surface, and darted upward into the thick of it. Four pairs of eyes in different parts of the sky all saw the brief movement, and at once four pairs of wings beat hard against the smoke-fouled air, hurling the watchers forward to the cloud. Then began a hunt in which the pursuers couldn’t see the quarry and the quarry could see nothing at all. The first to break out of the cloud on the far side of the lake would have the advantage, and that might mean survival, or it might mean a successful kill. And unluckily for the single flier, he found the clear air a few seconds after one of his pursuers. At once they closed with each other, trailing streams of vapor, and dizzy, both of them, from the sickening fumes. The quarry had the best of it at first, but then another hunter flew free of the cloud. In a swift and furious struggle, all three of them, twisting in the air like scraps of flame, rose and fell and rose again, only to fall, finally, among the rocks on the far side. The other two hunters never emerged from the cloud. At the western end of a range of saw-toothed mountains, on a peak that commanded wide views of the plain below and the valleys behind, a fortress of basalt seemed to grow out of the mountain as if some volcano had thrust it up a million years ago. In vast caverns beneath the rearing walls, provisions of every sort were stored and labeled; in the arsenals and magazines, engines of war were being calibrated, armed, and tested; in the mills below the mountain, volcanic fires fed mighty forges where phosphor and titanium were being melted and combined in alloys never known or used before. On the most exposed side of the fortress, at a point deep in the shadow of a buttress where the mighty walls rose sheer out of the ancient lava-flows, there was a small gate, a postern where a sentry watched day and night and challenged all who sought to enter. While the watch was being changed on the ramparts above, the sentry stamped once or twice and slapped his gloved hands on his upper arms for warmth, for it was the coldest hour of the night, and the little naphtha flare in the bracket beside him gave no heat. His relief would come in another ten minutes, and he was looking forward to the mug of chocolate, the smokeleaf, and most of all his bed. To hear a hammering at the little door was the last thing he expected. However, he was alert, and he snapped open the spy hole, at the same time opening the tap that allowed a flow of naphtha past the pilot light in the buttress outside. In the glare it threw, he saw three hooded figures carrying between them a fourth, whose shape was indistinct, and who seemed ill, or wounded. The figure in front threw back his hood. He had a face the sentry knew, but he gave the password anyway and said, â€Å"We found him at the sulphur lake. Says his name is Baruch. He’s got an urgent message for Lord Asriel.† The sentry unbarred the door, and his terrier daemon quivered as the three figures maneuvered their burden with difficulty through the narrow entrance. Then the daemon gave a soft involuntary howl, quickly cut off, as the sentry saw that the figure being carried was an angel, wounded: an angel of low rank and little power, but an angel, nevertheless. â€Å"Lay him in the guardroom,† the sentry told them, and as they did so, he turned the crank of the telephone bell and reported what was happening to the officer of the watch. On the highest rampart of the fortress was a tower of adamant: just one flight of steps up to a set of rooms whose windows looked out north, south, east, and west. The largest room was furnished with a table and chairs and a map chest, another with a camp bed. A small bathroom completed the set. Lord Asriel sat in the adamant tower facing his spy captain across a mass of scattered papers. A naphtha lamp hung over the table, and a brazier held burning coals against the bitter chill of the night. Inside the door, a small blue hawk was perching on a bracket. The spy captain was called Lord Roke. He was striking to look at: he was no taller than Lord Asriel’s hand span, and as slender as a dragonfly, but the rest of Lord Asriel’s captains treated him with profound respect, for he was armed with a poisonous sting in the spurs on his heels. It was his custom to sit on the table, and his manner to repel anything but the greatest courtesy with a haughty and malevolent tongue. He and his kind, the Gallivespians, had few of the qualities of good spies except, of course, their exceptional smallness: they were so proud and touchy that they would never have remained inconspicuous if they had been of Lord Asriel’s size. â€Å"Yes,† he said, his voice clear and sharp, his eyes glittering like droplets of ink, â€Å"your child, my Lord Asriel: I know about her. You read "The Amber Spyglass Chapter 5 The Adamant Tower" in category "Essay examples" Evidently I know more than you do.† Lord Asriel looked at him directly, and the little man knew at once that he’d taken advantage of his commander’s courtesy: the force of Lord Asriel’s glance flicked him like a finger, so that he lost his balance and had to put out a hand to steady himself on Lord Asriel’s wineglass. A moment later Lord Asriel’s expression was bland and virtuous, just as his daughter’s could be, and from then on Lord Roke was more careful. â€Å"No doubt, Lord Roke,† said Lord Asriel. â€Å"But for reasons I don’t understand, the girl is the focus of the Church’s attention, and I need to know why. What are they saying about her?† â€Å"The Magisterium is alive with speculation; one branch says one thing, another is investigating something else, and each of them is trying to keep its discoveries secret from the rest. The most active branches are the Consistorial Court of Discipline and the Society of the Work of the Holy Spirit, and,† said Lord Roke, â€Å"I have spies in both of them.† â€Å"Have you turned a member of the Society, then?† said Lord Asriel. â€Å"I congratulate you. They used to be impregnable.† â€Å"My spy in the Society is the Lady Salmakia,† said Lord Roke, â€Å"a very skillful agent. There is a priest whose daemon, a mouse, she approached in their sleep. My agent suggested that the man perform a forbidden ritual designed to invoke the presence of Wisdom. At the critical moment, the Lady Salmakia appeared in front of him. The priest now thinks he can communicate with Wisdom whenever he pleases, and that she has the form of a Gallivespian and lives in his bookcase.† Lord Asriel smiled and said, â€Å"And what has she learned?† â€Å"The Society thinks that your daughter is the most important child who has ever lived. They think that a great crisis will come before very long, and that the fate of everything will depend on how she behaves at that point. As for the Consistorial Court of Discipline, it’s holding an inquiry at the moment, with witnesses from Bolvangar and elsewhere. My spy in the Court, the Chevalier Tialys, is in touch with me every day by means of the lodestone resonator, and he is letting me know what they discover. In short, I would say that the Society of the Work of the Holy Spirit will find out very soon where the child is, but they will do nothing about it. It will take the Consistorial Court a little longer, but when they do, they will act decisively, and at once.† â€Å"Let me know the moment you hear any more.† Lord Roke bowed and snapped his fingers, and the small blue hawk perching on the bracket beside the door spread her wings and glided to the table. She had a bridle, a saddle, and stirrups. Lord Roke sprang on her back in a second, and they flew out of the window, which Lord Asriel held wide for them. He left it open for a minute, in spite of the bitter air, and leaned on the window seat, playing with the ears of his snow-leopard daemon. â€Å"She came to me on Svalbard and I ignored her,† he said. â€Å"You remember the shock†¦ I needed a sacrifice, and the first child to arrive was my own daughter†¦ But when I realized that there was another child with her, so she was safe, I relaxed. Was that a fatal mistake? I didn’t consider her after that, not for a moment, but she is important, Stelmaria!† â€Å"Let’s think clearly,† his daemon replied. â€Å"What can she do?† â€Å"Do – not much. Does she know something?† â€Å"She can read the alethiometer; she has access to knowledge.† â€Å"That’s nothing special. So have others. And where in Hell’s name can she be?† There was a knock at the door behind him, and he turned at once. â€Å"My lord,† said the officer who came in, â€Å"an angel has just arrived at the western gate, wounded, he insists on speaking to you.† And a minute later, Baruch was lying on the camp bed, which had been brought through to the main room. A medical orderly had been summoned, but it was clear that there was little hope for the angel: he was wounded sorely, his wings torn and his eyes dimmed. Lord Asriel sat close by and threw a handful of herbs onto the coals in the brazier. As Will had found with the smoke of his fire, that had the effect of defining the angel’s body so he could see it more clearly. â€Å"Well, sir,† he said, â€Å"what have you come to tell me?† â€Å"Three things. Please let me say them all before you speak. My name is Baruch. My companion Balthamos and I are of the rebels’ party, and so we were drawn to your standard as soon as you raised it. But we wanted to bring you something valuable, because our power is small, and not long ago we managed to find our way to the heart of the Clouded Mountain, the Authority’s citadel in the Kingdom. And there we learned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He had to stop for a moment to breathe in the smoke of the herbs, which seemed to steady him. He continued: â€Å"We learned the truth about the Authority. We learned that he has retired to a chamber of crystal deep within the Clouded Mountain, and that he no longer runs the daily affairs of the Kingdom. Instead, he contemplates deeper mysteries. In his place, ruling on his behalf, there is an angel called Metatron. I have reason to know that angel well, though when I knew him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Baruch’s voice faded. Lord Asriel’s eyes were blazing, but he held his tongue and waited for Baruch to continue. â€Å"Metatron is proud,† Baruch went on when he had recovered a little strength, â€Å"and his ambition is limitless. The Authority chose him four thousand years ago to be his Regent, and they laid their plans together. They have a new plan, which my companion and I were able to discover. The Authority considers that conscious beings of every kind have become dangerously independent, so Metatron is going to intervene much more actively in human affairs. They intend to move the Authority secretly away from the Clouded Mountain, to a permanent citadel somewhere else, and turn the mountain into an engine of war. The churches in every world are corrupt and weak, he thinks, they compromise too readily†¦ He wants to set up a permanent inquisition in every world, run directly from the Kingdom. And his first campaign will be to destroy your Republic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They were both trembling, the angel and the man, but one from weakness and the other from excitement. Baruch gathered his remaining strength, and went on: â€Å"The second thing is this. There is a knife that can cut openings between the worlds, as well as anything in them. Its power is unlimited, but only in the hands of the one who knows how to use it. And that person is a boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once again the angel had to stop and recover. He was frightened; he could feel himself drifting apart. Lord Asriel could see the effort he made to hold himself together, and sat tensely gripping the arms of his chair until Baruch found the strength to go on. â€Å"My companion is with him now. We wanted to bring him directly to you, but he refused, because†¦ This is the third thing I must tell you: he and your daughter are friends. And he will not agree to come to you until he has found her. She is – â€Å" â€Å"Who is this boy?† â€Å"He is the son of the shaman. Of Stanislaus Grumman.† Lord Asriel was so surprised he stood up involuntarily, sending billows of smoke swirling around the angel. â€Å"Grumman had a son?† he said. â€Å"Grumman was not born in your world. Nor was his real name Grumman. My companion and I were led to him by his own desire to find the knife. We followed him, knowing he would lead us to it and its bearer, intending to bring the bearer to you. But the boy refused to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once again Baruch had to stop. Lord Asriel sat down again, cursing his own impatience, and sprinkled some more herbs on the fire. His daemon lay nearby, her tail sweeping slowly across the oaken floor, her golden eyes never leaving the angel’s pain-filled face. Baruch took several slow breaths, and Lord Asriel held his silence. The slap of the rope on the flagpole above was the only sound. â€Å"Take your time, sir,† Lord Asriel said gently. â€Å"Do you know where my daughter is?† â€Å"Himalaya†¦ in her own world,† whispered Baruch. â€Å"Great mountains. A cave near a valley full of rainbows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A long way from here in both worlds. You flew quickly.† â€Å"It is the only gift I have,† said Baruch, â€Å"except the love of Balthamos, whom I shall never see again.† â€Å"And if you found her so easily – â€Å" â€Å"Then any other angel may, too.† Lord Asriel seized a great atlas from the map chest and flung it open, looking for the pages that showed the Himalaya. â€Å"Can you be precise?† he said. â€Å"Can you show me exactly where?† â€Å"With the knife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Baruch tried to say, and Lord Asriel realized his mind was wandering. â€Å"With the knife he can enter and leave any world at will†¦ Will is his name. But they are in danger, he and Balthamos†¦ Metatron knows we have his secret. They pursued us†¦ They caught me alone on the borders of your world†¦ I was his brother†¦ That was how we found our way to him in the Clouded Mountain. Metatron was once Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalalel†¦ Enoch had many wives. He was a lover of the flesh†¦ My brother Enoch cast me out, because I†¦ Oh, my dear Balthamos†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Where is the girl?† â€Å"Yes. Yes. A cave†¦ her mother†¦ valley full of winds and rainbows†¦ tattered flags on the shrine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He raised himself to look at the atlas. Then the snow-leopard daemon got to her feet in one swift movement and leapt to the door, but it was too late: the orderly who had knocked had opened without waiting. That was the way things were done; it was no one’s fault; but seeing the expression on the soldier’s face as he looked past him, Lord Asriel turned back to see Baruch straining and quivering to hold his wounded form together. The effort was too much. A draft from the open door sent an eddy of air across the bed, and the particles of the angel’s form, loosened by the waning of his strength, swirled upward into randomness and vanished. â€Å"Balthamos!† came a whisper from the air. Lord Asriel put his hand on his daemon’s neck; she felt him tremble, and stilled him. He turned to the orderly. â€Å"My lord, I beg your – â€Å" â€Å"Not your fault. Take my compliments to King Ogunwe. I would be glad if he and my other commanders could step here at once. I would also like Mr. Basilides to attend, with the alethiometer. Finally I want No. 2 Squadron of gyropters armed and fueled, and a tanker zeppelin to take off at once and head southwest. I shall send further orders in the air.† The orderly saluted and, with one more swift uneasy glance at the empty bed, went out and shut the door. Lord Asriel tapped the desk with a pair of brass dividers, and crossed to open the southern window. Far below, the deathless fires put out their glow and smoke on the darkling air, and even at this great height the clang of hammers could be heard in the snapping wind. â€Å"Well, we’ve learned a lot, Stelmaria,† he said quietly. â€Å"But not enough,† she replied. There came another knock at the door, and the alethiometrist came in. He was a pale, thin man in early middle age; his name was Teukros Basilides, and his daemon was a nightingale. â€Å"Mr. Basilides, good evening to you,† said Lord Asriel. â€Å"This is our problem, and I would like you to put everything else aside while you deal with it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He told the man what Baruch had said, and showed him the atlas. â€Å"Pinpoint that cave,† he said. â€Å"Get me the coordinates as precisely as you can. This is the most important task you have ever undertaken. Begin at once, if you please,† stamped her foot so hard it even hurt her in the dream. â€Å"You don’t believe I’d do that, Roger, so don’t say it. I will wake up and I won’t forget, so there.† She looked around, but all she could see were wide eyes and hopeless faces, pale faces, dark faces, old faces, young faces, all the dead cramming and crowding, close and silent and sorrowful. Roger’s face was different. His expression was the only one that contained hope. She said, â€Å"Why d’you look like that? Why en’t you miserable, like them? Why en’t you at the end of your hope?† And he said, â€Å"Because you’re Lyra† Then she realized what that meant. She felt dizzy, even in her dreams; she felt a great burden settle on her shoulders. And to make it even heavier, sleep was closing in again, and Roger’s face was receding into shadow. â€Å"Well, I†¦I know†¦There’s all kinds of people on our side, like Dr. Malone†¦You know there’s another Oxford, Roger, just like ours? Well, she†¦I found her in†¦She’d help†¦But there’s only one person really who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was almost impossible now to see the little boy, and her thoughts were spreading out and wandering away like sheep in a field. â€Å"But we can trust him, Roger, I swear,† she said with a final effort, â€Å"because he’s Will† How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 5 The Adamant Tower, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

International Marketing

Question: What is the International Marketing ? Answer: Introducatio Marketing activities which are carried out between two nations can be termed as international marketing. It can also refereed as global marketing. The concept is the mechanism of marketing principles for the countries involved in the transactions. This concept constitutes the marketing activities co-ordinated and integrated across multiple country markets. It can also be considered as the multinational process of planning and executing the price and promotion of the produced goods, ideas and services for creating and developing an exchange which will satisfy the consumers needs and requirements (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). The below presented research project has been focused on the principles of international marketing for Evolve Skateboards which is into the business of creating the highest quality carving machines that incorporate the best longboarding concepts with the latest technology. The further analysis has been carried out on the elements and the barriers in the global m arketing. International marketing mix strategies Product strategies: Evolve Skateboards can bring product standardisation, which means company needs to introduce unchanged product in the markets of Turkey. This approach improves the management and design of the product which will develop a distinct image of the company and product. This approach is also beneficial for the consumers as it will ensure the quality and safety level of the skateboards and also creates a differentiation between the products which will help the consumer in making choice (Dunning, 2012). Product adaptation can be done by the company in which some adjustments are to be made in the products according to the new markets For instance, changes in packaging, size and symbols, adding features to the skateboards and also making more attractive by changing graphics over it etc. A finely presented product will attract more consumers and which will make the goods better than that of the competitors. Product extension can also be considered as the strategy which will aid the organization in this concept. In this case the company will be extending the product which is already marketed in the home country that is Australia. For instance Evolve Skateboards can launch new range of skate boards with some modifications which are similar to the products that are already well established and have a good share of royalty. Pricing strategies: The company can adopt new pricing policies on the basis of the new markets, regions etc. The pricing of the products will change on the basis of the income level of the consumers, buying habits etc. Psychology Pricing is an approach which can be adopted by Evolve Skateboards as this strategy plays with the minds of the consumers and can easily influence the buyers. For instance the company can keep the price of a skateboard at $ 299 instead of keeping it at $ 300. There is a very slight difference in the amount; the reason for this trend is that the consumers tend to put more attention at the first number on the price tag instead of last. This approach will increase the demand by developing an illusion of enhanced value for the consumer. This is a unique kind of pricing strategy and will keep the company ahead in the competitive world. Also the company can make use of market penetration pricing policy, when the corporation is about to launch a new product in new m arket area or region. In this approach the company will enter the market with a low or medium price so as to establish the product in the market and increase the sale and market share of the product. This technique can also be adopted by the entities so as to draw attention from their competition. But this approach tends to result in loss at the initial stage for the business corporation. Promotional strategies: Evolve Skateboards should carry out a survey on the mediums to be used locally in the specific region. For instance the company can make use of social media and internet for carrying out the promotional activities. Use of Facebook, Google will offer the company to advertise and promote the products and services in a much better and relaxed environment and this form of strategy is also known as direct marketing at its best as social media is the option which connects with a world of potential consumers. Also Evolve skateboards can organize some kind of contests through which a number of consumers will be promoted. Promotional strategies can also be developed by carrying out a research over the competitors promotional strategies. This will enable the firm in developing better plans as compared to that of the rivals. Customer referral incentive program is a scheme in which the existing consumers will be rewarde for referring the new lve skateboards can offer free products, discount coupons and cash rewards. Distribution strategies: A proper mechanism should be used by the firm in order to carry out the distribution of the goods at correct place, in a correct for and that to on time. International logistics play a major role in the international sales and production activities (Zhu and Geng, 2013). Standardisation approach can be adopted by the organization as it makes a speedy management of the orders and which will enable the company to distribute the products quicker as compared to the rivals and will manage the sustainability. Indirect distribution strategy can be adopted by the company to make the product reach till the consumers. In this approach product will be distributed by the use of an intermediary. For instance Evolve Skate Boards will send the products to the wholesaler and then from wholesaler to retailer and at last it will reach till the end consumer. CONCLUSION From the above carried out analysis it can be inferred that Evolve Skateboards which is into the business of creating the highest quality carving machines that incorporate the best longboarding concepts with the latest technology and wants to launch a new range of electrical skateboards in Turkey. The above presented report has been focused on the international marketing mixes an the strategies adopted for the same process. References Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013. International marketing. Cengage Learning. Terpstra, V., Foley, J. and Sarathy, R., 2012. International marketing. Naper Press. Dunning, J.H., 2012. International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Routledge. Zhu, Q. and Geng, Y., 2013. Drivers and barriers of extended supply chain practices for energy saving and emission reduction among Chinese manufacturers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 40, pp.6-12. Verbeke, A., 2013. International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Dunning, J.H., 2014. The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Patidar, M, 2015 Steps of international marketing, Assessed on 22nd March 2017, https://www.enotesmba.com/2015/03/steps-in-process-of-international-marketing.html. Marsh, E, 2017, Seven elements of international marketing, Assessed on 22nd March, https://www.internationalman.com/articles/seven-elements-of-international-marketing.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Essay Examples on Chile Essay Example

Essay Examples on Chile Paper 1st Essay Sample on chile The country of Chile is located in western South America. The conditions vary with the mountains, deserts, and beaches. Climate The climate is one condition that may vary within different regions. The country extends a long distance from north to south. There is a lack of rainfall to the north. there the air is able to hold much of the moisture. Middle Chile has hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. The temperatures aren’t often extreme. The warmest month, January, averages 63.7 degrees Ferenheit. The coolest months, June and July, Average 53.3 F. More to the south the rain increases, and the length of the summerdry season shortens. Rainfall totals more than 200 inches per year in some places. The land Chile has the longest seacoast in the world. It stretches more than 2,600 miles from north to south. The country is about nine times longer than it is wide. It is only about 227 miles east to west at its widest point. Chile has a small piece of antarctica and some Pacific i s! lands including Easter Island. The total area of Chile is 292,258 square miles. About 70% of the land is mountainous because of the mountain chain , the Andes, that runs through it. The countries that border Chile are Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The capital and largest city in Chile is Santiago, with a populatoin of 4,421,900 people. The highest elevation is Mount Ojos del Sabado. The lowest is at sea level. Vegetation (Flora) The vegetation also varies with region. In the far north along the coast there is seasonal desert plant life. In the desert interior there is almost no growth though. To the east a bit, on the Andean slopes, are scatterings of cacti and desert shrubs. In central Chile the plant life varies with latitude and altitude. In the lowlands blackberry thickets and scrub vegetation are most common. Along the coast grow species of palm trees. The vegetation gets heavier toward the south. 2nd Essay Sample on chile The country of Chile is located in western South America. The conditions vary with the mountains, deserts, and beaches. Climate The climate is one condition that may vary within different regions. The country extends a long distance from north to south. There is a lack of rainfall to the north. there the air is able to hold much of the moisture. Middle Chile has hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. The temperatures aren’t often extreme. The warmest month, January, averages 63.7 degrees Ferenheit. The coolest months, June and July, Average 53.3 F. More to the south the rain increases, and the length of the summerdry season shortens. Rainfall totals more than 200 inches per year in some places. The land Chile has the longest seacoast in the world. It stretches more than 2,600 miles from north to south. The country is about nine times longer than it is wide. It is only about 227 miles east to west at its widest point. Chile has a small piece of antarctica and some Pacific i slands including Easter Island. The total area of Chile is 292,258 square miles. About 70% of the land is mountainous because of the mountain chain , the Andes, that runs through it. The countries that border Chile are Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The capital and largest city in Chile is Santiago, with a populatoin of 4,421,900 people. The highest elevation is Mount Ojos del Sabado. The lowest is at sea level. Vegetation (Flora) The vegetation also varies with region. In the far north along the coast there is seasonal desert plant life. In the desert interior there is almost no growth though. To the east a bit, on the Andean slopes, are scatterings of cacti and desert shrubs. In central Chile the plant life varies with latitude and altitude. In the lowlands blackberry thickets and scrub vegetation are most common. Along the coast grow species of palm trees. The vegetation gets heavier toward the south. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Chile specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Chile specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Chile specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Jainism

Bhagwan Rishabhdevji The first of the 24 Tirthankars, Bhagwan Rishabhdevji was the opening for a long list of faultless souls. From his mother’s godly dreams before his birth to his achievements during his life, Rishabhdevji made everyone think. Born of Sri Nabhiji and Matha Marudevi Rishabhdevji entered the world one night during Chaitra Krishna Paksha 8. Before his birth his mother dreamt of fourteen auspicious things: Large white bull A giant elephant having four tusks, A lion, Goddess Laxmi seated on a lotus, A garland of flowers, The full moon resplendent in the sky, The scintillating sun, A fluttering flag, A golden urn, A pond full of lotus flowers, A sea of milk, A space vehicle of gods, A heap of gems, Smokeless fire, Matha then went to Nabhiraja (an experiences scholarly person) to seek out what these dreams meant. Nabhiraja then told Matha "Devi! You will give birth to a highly endowed soul who will show the path of peace and happiness to this world" The birth was successful and two healthy twins where born. Gods and Goddesses came from around the globe to praise these two babies, and give gifts to their creator. Sri Nabhiji named the first Tirthankar Rishbhdevji, and they also had a full name they shared â€Å"Sumangala.† After a while he married a girl named Sunanda whose twin died in an accident. But he was also married to his twin Sumangala in a rite that was arranged by the gods. Prince Rishabh led a happy married life. Sumangala gave birth to Bharat, Brahmi and ninety-eight other sons, and Sunanda gave birth to Bahubali and Sundari. â€Å"Prince Rishabh was a highly gifted, farsighted and industrious individual. He had a profound insight into the human psychology. Looking at the needs the times and society he evolved numerous arts, crafts and trades and taught them to people with right aptitude and physical and mental capacities. To some he taught farming and to others the trade of agricultur... Free Essays on Jainism Free Essays on Jainism Bhagwan Rishabhdevji The first of the 24 Tirthankars, Bhagwan Rishabhdevji was the opening for a long list of faultless souls. From his mother’s godly dreams before his birth to his achievements during his life, Rishabhdevji made everyone think. Born of Sri Nabhiji and Matha Marudevi Rishabhdevji entered the world one night during Chaitra Krishna Paksha 8. Before his birth his mother dreamt of fourteen auspicious things: Large white bull A giant elephant having four tusks, A lion, Goddess Laxmi seated on a lotus, A garland of flowers, The full moon resplendent in the sky, The scintillating sun, A fluttering flag, A golden urn, A pond full of lotus flowers, A sea of milk, A space vehicle of gods, A heap of gems, Smokeless fire, Matha then went to Nabhiraja (an experiences scholarly person) to seek out what these dreams meant. Nabhiraja then told Matha "Devi! You will give birth to a highly endowed soul who will show the path of peace and happiness to this world" The birth was successful and two healthy twins where born. Gods and Goddesses came from around the globe to praise these two babies, and give gifts to their creator. Sri Nabhiji named the first Tirthankar Rishbhdevji, and they also had a full name they shared â€Å"Sumangala.† After a while he married a girl named Sunanda whose twin died in an accident. But he was also married to his twin Sumangala in a rite that was arranged by the gods. Prince Rishabh led a happy married life. Sumangala gave birth to Bharat, Brahmi and ninety-eight other sons, and Sunanda gave birth to Bahubali and Sundari. â€Å"Prince Rishabh was a highly gifted, farsighted and industrious individual. He had a profound insight into the human psychology. Looking at the needs the times and society he evolved numerous arts, crafts and trades and taught them to people with right aptitude and physical and mental capacities. To some he taught farming and to others the trade of agricultur...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Relationship between benefits sought and consumer profiles in Essay

Relationship between benefits sought and consumer profiles in different market segments - Essay Example in relation to its main competitors. The management decision problem for the research was finding of the relationship between benefit sought and consumer profiles in different market segments. The research question for the study was that how can Apple Inc. examine benefits sought and consumer portfolios to bring continuous improvement in market performance. The researcher collected the data in a proper format using questionnaires and analyzed it from all aspects. The researcher thoroughly researched the internal and external business environments’ factors of the selected company by visiting different people related to the company, as well as some customers. Along with that, the researcher also collected information about the company’s market performances and compared them with the performances of its competitors. The whole research took around two months, which included, visits to different people, collection of information, analysis of the collected information, and pr eparation of the report. 2. Background Research Apple Inc. is an American multinational firm, which deals with the manufacturing and selling of electronic products. Some of the main products, which Apple Inc. develops for its customers, include computer systems, laptops, iPhones, iPods, and IPads. The company’s headquarters are based in California. The company has employed over 60,000 employees all over the world. Apple Inc. tends to protect its market share by delivering high quality products to the customers. The company earned nearly 105 billion dollars in 2011 going ahead of its main competitors, which include Dell Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Company. The figure reveals its market share in the world of digital electronics. Apple’s successful marketing strategy has been the key to the achievement of competitive advantage for the company. Apple’s target market includes people who like to have a better user experience with the products and are willing to pay a bit more for quality. Apple’s target market also includes professionals, technology lovers, and businesspersons. This research paper would cover the ways benefits sought and consumer profiles can help Apple Inc. gain success in the world of digital electronics. The researcher would examine different internal and external business factors and their relationship with the performance of the company. There is not much research carried out in these areas in the past, which is the reason why I want to explore these areas. Moreover, there is also a need to find out the mechanism using which Apple Inc. can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in the local and international markets. 2.1 Literature Review External and internal business environments play a vital role in improving performance of a company in the market. The main point of consideration for a company is the way it deals with both external and internal environments. External business factors include economic factors, te chnology factors, social and cultural factors, political and legal factors, and competition.1 â€Å"Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by cultural factors such as: buyer culture, subculture, and social class†.2 Some of the internal factors of a company’s business environment include employees, capital, cash flows, stability, and risk-taking.3 For any company, the main mission is to get competitive advantage in the market by achieving high graph of sales. Companies use an appropriate marketing mix to achieve this mission. â€Å"

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

How do the media portray applied psychology Essay

How do the media portray applied psychology - Essay Example (Fryer, 1950) Media is an important vehicle for getting the message across to the right frame of audience at the right time and in the right capacity possible. It would not be wrong here to suggest that the role of media in any field is more than any other social and cultural domain that has come of age in the recent times. Media can literally shake the very basis of the disciplines and professions which are existent in the current times and it would not be long before we find out for our own selves that the media would take over our lives and start ruling us like none other. The question however present here is of understanding the relationship between the applied psychology and the representation of the same in the different media forms like electronic, print, outdoors and others. (Guilford, 1950) The relation between the different forms of media and the psychological basis depends entirely on the way the dependents, i.e. the consumers and end viewers think of it. It means the values attached with the media portrayals are important in their relation of the psychological self. The role of media in the ranks of the applied psychology brings into consideration the intricate aspects of gender portrayal as well as identity crisis at times. With this, there is the question of understanding the media activities and the players who actually run the whole show. (Groome, 2004) Applied psychology applies both at the industrial level within the media and also goes down towards the organizational basis. What this means is that the media stands at the crossroads of both of these significant areas. Media has a much larger role than it is perceivable at any point in time. Applied psychology regards the role of the media in the same light as it would give to any other significant feature within the cultural and social perspective. In all essence, applied psychology studies the mental processes

Monday, November 18, 2019

Commercial Property Development in the Central Manhattan Area Essay

Commercial Property Development in the Central Manhattan Area - Essay Example This paper addresses the main drivers for commercial property development in central Manhattan area over the last 6 years. This adopts special reference to the fundamental economy of the USA, as well as the Times Square in Manhattan, which reflects the role of IBIDS in commercial property development. Commercial property in the USA suffered adverse effects from the global economic challenges. Indeed, the stalled economic recovery from the global recession destabilized the USA’s commercial real estate (CRE) recovery (O’Brien, B., Sheth, S., & Mahajan, S 2013, p.1). This has been because of economic stagnation in Europe, huge foreign debts, problems in the world labor force, global economic recession that started in 2012, correlation between USA and Eurozone economic growth, globalization, demeaning liquidity trap, lack of business innovation, and slow growth in emerging economies like China and India. Nevertheless, there are probable measures that reinforced the commerci al properties industry in the US especially in Manhattan. Question 1: Main drivers for commercial property development demand Demand and supply are important factors in all markets. In Manhattan, the demand for commercial property has steadily increased over the past few years. Therefore, new commercial property development in Manhattan has aimed to meet the demand in the market. According to O’Brien, Sheth, & Mahajan (2013), the use of social media, enhancing innovation, cloud computing, and adopting enterprise mobility in the commercial proper

Friday, November 15, 2019

Product life cycle and its concept

Product life cycle and its concept All products and services have certain life cycles. The life cycle of a product, also known as PLC, is a model that illustrates the six different stages that a product/service will go through. The PLC shows the life of a product from its conception to its final withdrawal and each phase has its own characteristics and varies in length depending on the product/service. When a company introduces a new product in the market is very important to identify the six stages of its products life cycle because it has to take specific marketing actions in each stage in order to have the more profits it can. The understanding of the PLC can help the businesses to find out the right timing to introduce or withdraw a product from the market and realize whether their products are successful or not. THE HISTORY OF THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE AND ITS CONCEPT The product life cycle concept was developed in the 1950s and became very popular during the next decade. Up until now, it represents a core element of marketing theory and it is widely accepted because of its extensive applications. The PLCs concept can be applied to other theories such as new product development, portfolio analysis etc. The concept of PLC involves that: All products and services have a limited life similar to the human life (or the life of any other living organism). The product sales range. They pass through several and unique stages which pose certain challenges, opportunities and problems. The profits of a product/service range also. During different stages the profits are bound to rise or fall accordingly. Finally, at each stage of PLC, the firms must alter their strategies and their marketing in order for their product to be as profitable as it can. The product life cycle and its stages refer to three production levels: As far as it concerns a specific product (brand) of a company (e.g. Samsung captivate Galaxy S cell phone). A specific company that produces similar and parallel products (e.g. Samsung cell phones). And the whole industry. The group of companies that produce competitive products (e.g. the whole cell phone industry). The brands usually have shorter product life cycles. The products on the other hand, follow standard PLC, while the product categories (industries) have the largest PLCs and stay in maturity phase for a long time, sometimes indefinitely. THE PLC STAGES The products life cycle consists of six phases: Development Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline Fig.1 3821925.gif PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PHASE The development phase begins when a company generates and develops a new product idea. Its a process that demands the translation of different kinds of information (market and consumers trends, competitors products, environmental analysis etc.) which will have to be organized, combined and incorporated into the new product. This product must pass several test market and laboratory tests (Beta testing) in order for the company to see if it will be profitable and if the customers will benefit from it. Only those products that survive the tests can be introduced into the real market. Its obvious that during the development stage the company does not have any sales or profit. INTRODUCTION PHASE The introduction phase begins with the launch of the product in the market. The company tries to promote the new product, develop a market for it and spends a great deal of money in order to achieve this. During this phase the sales generally are low and the profits of the company even tend to be sometimes negative (low sales, high unit costs). The companies produce a small amount of products and their employees must be highly educated. Expertise is needed now. There is little or no competition and there may be high skim pricing for the company to recover the development costs. Finally, the distribution is very selective until the consumers start showing acceptance of the product and start buying it. Sadly, most of the times, the new products fail this stage and the company must withdraw them early from the market. GROWTH PHASE The products that managed to pass the first two stages with flying colors can now proceed to the growth stage. Thats the most profitable stage for the firms. The product takes-off in the market place and the sales increase rapidly. Costs decline on a per unit basis and we have scale economies in production. Thats the time that the company wants to increase the market share and find loyal customers (brand loyalty). However, the success of the product draws the competitors attention. The pricing, which would have be maintained with little competition, starts changing. The company must now become the leader, indicate all the products offerings and differentiate the brand from those of competitors. Basically, the companies during this phase try to find sources of competitive advantage and establish position in the market. The promotion continues as well, but not in the same extend that was needed in the second phase and is also aimed at a broader audience. Finally, distribution channels are added since the product is now successful and the demand continues to increase. MATURITY PHASE Its the stage where the sales have reached to their maximum point (peak) and now start decreasing. The strong growth in sales diminishes and the competition becomes harsher. Now there is a plethora of similar products in the market and the first basic product becomes less wanted. However, if the company managed to achieve its market share goal, now is the time to enjoy the most profitable period. The maturity stage is a period that the firms try to extend their products life as we will show further down. During this stage, pricing strategies change and usually the companies lower their prices because of the new competition. Price wars start. Discounts, coupons, BOGOF offers etc. give an advantage to those who are leaders, helping them to withstand the crisis caused by the low prices. Promotion changes and focuses in finding new buyers. Emphasis is given to the product differentiation especially in terms of quality, use, reliability and price. The distribution becomes more intensive and the use of multi distribution channels begins. The phase of the maturity is a period that drives many companies to stop the production and withdraw (shake-out) since they cannot handle the competition. Its a phase that lasts for a long time and includes the majority of products (mature products of mature industries). SATURATION PHASE This phase usually is excluded because it has many characteristics of the maturity phase. However, the saturation stage is even more extreme. During this stage, sales are impossible to increase and the profits decline sharply. The competition becomes more and more austere and relentless and the customers now search for the low cost substitutes. Meanwhile, the quality of the similar products gradually rises and the previously new product straggles to keep up and not fade away. DECLINE PHASE This is the final stage. In the decline phase sales decrease rapidly either because new products are launched in the market or the buyers behavior starts to change. Its the time that the companies start to withdraw their products, minimize the promotion and lessen the distribution channels. Sometimes, the firms continue to sell their products in a lower price to their loyal customers but that cannot continue for a long time since ultimately the costs will exceed the profits. At this phase the firm has several options such as: To maintain the product by adding new features or by finding new uses of it (extension strategies). Sell the product to another company which is willing to continue the production. This is called divestment and basically refers to companies that want to associate the dying product with their production line or sell it to a different market. Harvest the product. With this option, the companies reduce costs and offer the product until they run out of stock. Most of the times the product is sold to the loyal customers who already know the product and the places where they can acquire it. The group of these loyal customers is also called Niche segment. Withdraw the product. (Sometimes this becomes a 7th phase called the abandonment phase). Fig.2productLifeCycle.gif Fig.3product_life_cycle-2-797072.gif Fig.4 (a PLC compared to the companys profits) product_lifecycle.jpg In the table bellow there is a summary of the strategies that the companies must follow in each product life cycle phase. The table has been taken from the book Strategic Industrial Marketing Development Phase Introduction Phase Growth Phase Maturity Phase Decline Phase Strategic Goal Make your product known and establish a test period Acquire a strong market position Maintain your market position and build on Defend market position from competitors and improve your product Milk all remaining profits from product Competition Almost not there Early entry of aggressive competitors into the market Price and distribution channel pressure Establishment of competitive environment Some competitors are already withdrawing from market Product Limited number of variations Introduction of product variations and models Improvement upgrade of product Price decrease Variations and models that are not profitable are withdrawn Price Goal High sale to middle men Aggressive price policy (decrease) for sales increase Re-estimation of price policy Defensive price policy Maintain price level for small profit Promotion Goal Creation of public market product awareness Reinforcement of product awareness and preference Reinforcement of middle men Maintain loyal to middle men Gradual decrease Distribution Goal Exclusive and selective distribution trough certain distribution channels and creation of high profit margins for middle men General and reinforced distribution through all distribution channels available General and reinforced distribution with good supply to the middle men but with low margins of profit for them General and reinforced distribution with good supply to the middle men but with low margins of profit for them Withdrawal from most channels of distribution except those used in development phase Source: Avlonitis G. THE DIVERSITY OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES Beside the usual and common product life cycle that we have just analyzed, there are some special categories. They are usually called alternative Product Life Cycles and appear very different PLC patterns. As the majority of products go through the normal six stages of their PLC, there are many that do not or will not follow them. These special categories of PLC are mainly five: the style, the fashion, the fad, the low learning and the high learning. However other PLC patterns are also the instant bust, the aborted introduction, the market specialty, the growth stump -maturity pattern, the cycle recycle pattern, the scalloped pattern etc. STYLE Style is a basic and distinctive model of expression appearing in a field of human endeavor. Once a style is invented it can last for generations Examples of Style appear in clothes, home art etc. FASHION Fashion is a currently accepted and popular style in a given field. It passes through four stages. The stage of distinctiveness, where some buyers approve something new and innovative that will characterize them. The stage of emulation, where other buyers approve this fashion in order to imitate the fashion leaders. The stage of mass fashion, where fashion becomes very popular and companies start producing in large quantities (mass production). The stage of decline, where the customers live behind the particular fashion and begin heading towards a new one. FAD Fads are fashions that rapidly appear to the consumers. They become accepted with great enthusiasm, peak early and decline very fast. Their acceptance cycle is very short and products that we will come across in this category are the tattoos or the body piercings. HIGH LEARNING PRODUCTS High learning products are products which have very long introductory phases. After their appearance in the market, they need time in order to become accepted either because they are complicated (require significant education of the customer) and expensive or simply because they are not compatible with the existing values of the society (e.g. Video phones, microwave ovens etc.). LOW LEARNING PRODUCTS Low learning products are the exact contrary of the high learning ones. Their introduction is very fast and some time it is difficult to separate the introductory and the growth stage. They peak rapidly because of their high relative advantage. The customer already knows how to use them and understands the benefits of having them. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES As we have already mentioned, there are also other product life cycles which do not exhibit a bell shaped PLC. Growth slump maturity pattern Its a pattern that usually comes up in new drugs. At the beginning, the products success leads to a high sale level but later slumps. After that point the sales fall to petrified level (other examples are the kitchen supplies like spoons, mixers, kitchen knives etc.). Cycle recycle pattern Cycle-recycle pattern often suits in the pharmaceutical industry. At start, the firm aggressively promotes the product. As a result sales grow producing the first cycle. After their peak, sales start declining and the firms give another promotion push in order to have other smaller growths which produce a second, third cycle and so on. The Scalloped pattern The scalloped pattern on the other hand, differs from the other two. Here sales go through a series of PLCs. This succession of life cycles is the result of good marketing. The company finds new uses of the product, discovers new future customers and sometimes the launches the product to new foreign markets. A great scalloped pattern example would be again a certain drug which company found new applications of it. Other Other alternative Product Life Cycles would be the Instant Bust, the Aborted Introduction, The Market Specialty and the Extended Life Cycle which is the most common type and we are going to analyze next. EXTENDING PLC EXTENSION STRATEGIES The life cycle of the products varies, as we have already mentioned, but sooner or later all products will eventually reach the maturity stage which will be followed by the decline stage. Since the most profitable period of the PLC is during the stages of growth and maturity, companies pay strong attention on the life cycle of their products and try hard to extend them especially as those life cycles near an end. This kind of extension can be achieved by operating certain strategies which usually are introduced during the maturity phase. The most usual and effective PLC extension strategies are the following: Re-Packaging Re-Branding Pricing Re-Designing Promotion New Markets RE-PACKAGING Re-packaging the product means basically that you alter the image of a mature product. The companies try to give a new image to their products in order to make them look more appealing to their existing customers and/or attract new customers. This slight alteration can be done by changing the materials, the size or the messaging on the package. Take for example a chocolate that a company has been selling for decades. Though the product was popular in the 1970s, the new generations will not buy it because is not as modern as they would like it to be. However, if the company changes it just a bit, then it can reach out to those people who will start buying it. RE-BRANDING Re-branding a product is a difficult extension strategy because the companies must change the packaging, the name and the total appearance of their product. This strategy is usually followed when the company wants to reach out to a different audience, target a different market. Take for instance a shampoo. The firm must consistently offer improved versions of this product to maintain the interest of its customers. Re-branding this product would mean giving it a fresh look and name and can involve developing comparative ads that explain how the product has changed and is now better than ever before. PRICING A widely used extension strategy is the re-designing of the products pricing strategy. This can be done by either reducing the products existing price, discounting, or by offering different pricing options. By using this technique, the companies reach out to target markets that couldnt afford the product, gain customers and sustain market share for the products that they offer. RE-DESIGNING Re-designing a mature product is actually the modification of the products features. This strategy is usually followed when the product must adapt to market changes or changes in buyers preferences (customers behavior). In order to do so, the companies, can change the color, the shape or the decoration of the product depending on what their target groups want. Additionally, the companies can add new features to a product providing alternative uses for it. These modifications must be noticeable to the buyer and satisfy his needs in a better way than before, or satisfy him in more ways. Finally, there are two types of value adding modifications: The retention type modification that increases the attractiveness of a product/service to the loyal customers of the company. The conquesting type modifications that allow a company to attract another companys loyal customers by increasing the appeal of its product/service to them. PROMOTION Promotion is used for every single product no matter the stage they are in. However when a product nears the end of its life cycle, the company tends to increase the advertising in order to increase awareness and remind customers the benefits of purchasing this product. The marketing departments can develop new advertising campaigns or stick to the old ones but increase the frequency of the ads. By using persuasive promotional techniques such as BOGOF (Buy One, Get One Free), companies try to stimulate demand. NEW MARKETS Companies can always expand abroad and launch in new markets. By expanding their products abroad, they can reach out to completely different customers (numerous cultural, social, political or geographical differences) and extend the PLC. This strategy can be very expensive since the market will be new and unknown, however, if its done properly, the product will be very profitable and wont fade away. To sum up, if the above product life extension strategies are done properly and be successful, then they can increase the profitable period of a product, generating additional profit from a mature or declining product. THE PROBLEMS OF PLC MODEL As mentioned above the standard PLC model is not followed by each and every product/service. In spite of the companies efforts, sometimes the poor marketing or the misunderstanding of the environments and the consumers messages can lead a product straight to the decline stage. Usually, the firms cannot predict the time that their product will need to go from one phase to another and sometimes they cannot even realize their products current stage. All these ultimately will lead the firm to take marketing actions too early or too late. Since every product is bound to spend different lengths of time in each stage there is no physical way of showing this on the PLC model. As Day (1981: 65) points out: The identification of the boundaries between phases will be affected by the variety of product life cycles patterns. The more variations of the PLC identified, the more difficult the positioning process becomes. Through the years, several scientists and authors have criticized the PLC model and have questioned its validity. In the table below we present some of those along with the problems that they found in this extraordinary model. Major criticisms and problems Authors The PLC concept has no practical use Levitt (1963: 93) It is still difficult to determine at which phase of the PLC a product or service is Levitt (1963: 93) Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976: 102-110) Grantham (1997: 9) The PLC concept has not yet been tested systematically Polli and Cook (1969: 385-400) The PLC led many companies to make costly mistakes and to neglect opportunities. It is often difficult to accurately determine in which phase of the PLC a product actually is. Shortcomings on the practical application of the PLC concept Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976: 102-110) There is still no evidence of the efficacy of the PLC as a tool to predict marketing strategy Dhalla and Yuspeh (1976: 102-110) Grantham (1997: 9) Most empirical studies testing the product life cycle concept have found that it lacks validity or usefulness for explaining sales growth Weber (1976: 125-132) The problem with the PLC concept is that sales are modeled primarily as a function of time and are expected to produce curves that display growth, leveling and decline Tellis and Crawford (1981: 125-132) In many markets the product or brand life cycle is longer than the actual planning life cycle or organizations Mercer (1993: 269-274) There is still serious doubt about the application of the product life cycle as a marketing tool Grantham (1997: 4) THE INVERTED PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE The inverted product life cycle was first invented by John A. Weber. Its a new framework that provides new aspects for viewing and understanding the possible growth opportunities for the organization. It is nothing more than the classic PLC concept. However, this inverse expands it into a detailed, inquisitive and intuitive tool for planning future growth. According to Weber the inverted product life cycle will help organizations to estimate the sales likely to result from taking advantage of available growth opportunities. The inverted PLC uses the industrys life cycle and not the products itself. It can be used in plenty ways such as to help the top management and the product line managers, assess alternative growth choices and international markets, separate the market segments etc. PRODUCT CANNIBALISM Product cannibalism is a phenomenon that appears when a company launches a new product, similar to other pre-existing ones, regardless of their market position. This is mostly due to the introduction of new technologies in the market, which makes cannibalism common among technologically advanced companies. When a firm decides to follow this strategy, it launches a new product to replace previews ones, which cannibalizes on the market share of its predecessors. The favorable case of cannibalism Product cannibalization has both a negative and a positive side. In a usual case of cannibalism, the improved product is introduced to the market when the older one reaches its peak sales. Prices for the new product are high, in order to sustain profit, as the previous version reaches the end of its life cycle. Sometimes, companies introduce a new product, before the existing one even reaches its maturity phase. It is important, for managers, to know exactly the right moment to introduce the new product, as mistimed actions can be catastrophic. The unfavorable case of cannibalism If cannibalism is implicated without caution, the results might be harmful for the company. These are: Smaller contribution to profit, as the new product sold at a lower price, does not yield as much profit as the previous one and does not expand the companys market share. Switching to a new product causes smaller combined profits from both products, compared to not cannibalizing. Changes in the manufacturing process may be too expensive to handle and cause a decrease in profit. A new product with higher risk may cause an unexpected rise in production cost and a decrease in profit margin. Offensive and Defensive Cannibalism strategies Product cannibalism can be used in order to hit the market leader, or repel competitive companies from stealing market share. Offensive cannibalism is useful when a company wishes to establish itself in a new market or expand its market share. For the market leader it is advisable not to cannibalize, until it is necessary. Companies should wait for the right moment, when they have developed or acquired technology allowing them to develop an innovative product. When competitors arise, they will be ready to quickly launch their new product, not only sustaining their market share, but increasing it as well as gaining larger profit. This is not always the case, as delays give competitors the opportunity to attack market share, before the leader is able to react. Defensive cannibalism strategies include: Cannibalizing before competitors, using proper timing. Early use of this strategy causes profits to drop, while late use causes a loss in market share. Using product cannibalism as a way to maintain a technological advantage over competitors. The market leader adjusts the length of the products life cycle this way. This is the case with Intel corp. cannibalizing its older processors in favor of new ones. Adjusting the cannibalization rate to pricing. The price of a new product determines the mix in sales between new and old. Giving the new product at a lower price causes cannibalization to be slow. In the opposite case, cannibalization becomes fast, as the new product is considered to be superior to the previous one. Minimizing cannibalization with the introduction of a new product to specific market segments. This strategy helps the company to maintain a balance between gain and loss in the market. Cannibalism and e-commerce Cannibalism is also common among companies that operate on the internet. Their strategy is to offer products at a lower price on the internet, compared to retail prices. Since buyers are affected by prices they choose to buy online, causing a reduction in volume for retail sales. Large companies such as Toys R Us (United States of America), have launched online ventures in order to achieve this result. THE PLC AND PRODUCT PORTFOLIO THE BCG MODEL Bruce Henderson of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) has developed a matrix called BCG matrix. The BCG matrix is a portfolio planning model which is used to identify products, current and future market position, profitability, capital requirements and development opportunity. The BCG matrix is based on the theory of product life cycle and it is a well-known portfolio management tool. The BCG matrix is often used to know which products in company gets more funding and attention. Each product has its product life cycle and each phase in the product life cycle represents a different profile of risk and return. A company should retain a balanced portfolio of products that includes both high growth and low growth products. The high growth product is a new product that has to get to the market and it takes a lot of effort to get it there. The high growth products are those which are expected to bring the most profit in the future. A low growth product is already established and known by th e market. In other words these products are the milking cows that brings a constant cash flow. It is important for the companies to know what phase their products are in and in order to find this out they can use the BCG matrix. The model has four categories in a portfolio of a company. These four phases are: Star. If a product is placed in the category of stars it has a high growth and a high market share. The products are also those which are the leaders in the business but still they need to retain the market share with a lot of marketing and promotions. If the company manages to keep the market share the stars will grow into cash cows. The most important thing for a star product is to maintain the strong market position to later develop into a cash cow and try to avoid moving to a dog. Cash cow. When a product has reached a high market share in a mature market it becomes a cash cow. It is characterized by a low growth but a high market share. Due to the high market share there is no reason to invest on the product. A cash cow generates a lot of cash flow because of the high profit margins. This phase of the product life cycle is what every business strives for. Question mark. This phase of the products life cycle exists when the product enters the market and is waiting for the buyers to discover it. The strategy is to get the customer use the products. It is about a high growth and a low market share therefore question marks have high demands and low returns due to the low market share. If the managers do not manage to increase their market share these products will become dogs. When a product reaches this phase the company has to decide if they want to invest in it or to sell it. Dog. When a product has reached the low growth limit and when it has a low market share it is time for the company to remove the product from the market because expensive turn around plans do not help. One possibility the company has is to focus on a defensible niche. Generally, dogs should be avoided and minimized. These four steps of the BCG model can be compared to the model of the product life cycle. When the product life cycle is compared to the product portfolio concept, the marketing manager can take strategic decisions with greater certainty. We can compare the question mark phase to the introduction phase. When the product has evolved to become a star it has reached out to the market and also managed to get a strong market position. This can be compared to the phase of growth. After the period as a star the product turns to a cash cow which is also the maturity stage. Finally a declining product can also be called a dog. CONCLUSION The product life cycle model has been a central and crucial element of marketing theory for four decades. It has been helpful to marketers in their attempt to understand, conceive and analyze their products success and profitability and has proved itself to be an important research tool. Despite the criticism that it has received and the g

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Avarice In America :: essays research papers

Avarice In America When the topic of American economics arises, the infamous Robber Barons of the 19th Century often springs to mind. They are often glorified as "Captains of Industry" for their money making strategies and enterprising methods. Those who hold this view probably do not know the evils of the laissez-faire capitalism in which the Robber Barons believed and participated. They wanted an unrestricted system of economics so that they could amass as much money as they could to out do each other and control the power in society. They were not as glorious and generous as some people make them out to have been. In laissez-faire capitalism, there are no restrictions on business so the enterprising capitalists were able to obtain monopolies by combining with other companies or simply buying them out. By doing this, the owners could raise the price of their goods or services to an intolerable amount so that they could gain even more money. This often put the common working people out of a job because the owners could get children and poor European and Asian immigrants to do the same menial factory jobs for pennies a day. This angered the Unions of America because their livelihood depended on the American working class. The Unions then persuaded the government to regulate the business giants and control the amount of money the companies could take in by disallowing monopolies and child labor. The "Kings of Capitalism" disregarded the impact their actions had on the lives of the working class men and their families. Many went hungry because of the lack of jobs available and were f orced to go into debt to the companies that was impossible to be repaid. The Robber Barons would do almost anything to gain more money and more power even putting hard working people out of their houses. It is often said that money is the root of all evil. The Robber Barons of the late 19th century proved this theory without fail. They showed that greed can overtake morals if the conditions are right. It is very evident that the Robber Barons had no qualms about ruining the lives of the people that worked for them and of society in general.